While ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) offers a fresh
approach to drug discovery,
validation, and delivery, current research efforts gears toward
improving target specificity. In this regard, scientists are giving top priority to finding
the most efficient means to deliver or transfect RNAi into mammalian target
genes.
Successful delivery of RNAi depends on a few key factors such as the target cell line,
RNAi concentration, ratio of RNAi to the
transfection reagent, cell confluence during transfection,
and incubation time.
"Determining the most effective snippet of RNA for each gene of interest usually requires
testing more than three to four different RNAi sequences," says
Frost & Sullivan Industry
Analyst Giridhar Rao. "To test and compare any given RNAi sequence, researchers need to
monitor and optimize RNAi purity, integrity, uptake, and cell viability."
Off-target effects are likely to occur when the sense strand of the RNAi fails to guide
the
gene silencing process properly. Moreover, potential cross-hybridization with mismatched
sequences reduces the specificity of RNAi.
"The design of an RNAi plays a vital role in determining the success of RNAi experiments,"
observes Rao. "A well-designed RNAi is more effective in gene silencing and has better
chances of targeting the messenger RNA and minimizing off-target effects."
Studies have already shown that select RNAi molecules specifically target and demonstrate
effective and sustained reduction of the alpha-synuclein
gene expression. Pre-clinical
results from these studies forecast the development of RNAi therapeutics to treat Parkinson's
disease.
The susceptibility of certain RNAi molecules to rapid degradation by nucleases in serum
and other body fluids is a concern for most researchers since stability is imperative for
success in therapeutic applications.
"The key is to attain optimal stability," says Rao. "Very high stability could cause lodging
of residual RNAi in the body and this can lead to increased
toxicity."
In recent studies, RNAi molecules were shown to be stable, with a long half-life, in both
serum and brain extracts. Chemical modifications that increase RNAi stability were also
successfully developed and tested.
Industry and academic research in the RNAi sector continues to grow. Since its discovery
in 1998, the number of published research papers pertaining to RNAi has increased from
15 to 1,000 in 2003.
After recent successes using RNAi to attack
viruses such as
HIV, and hepatitis B and C,
the technology shows further potential for treating renal and metabolic disorders, cancers,
and even
diseases of the
central nervous system.
Having proven itself in high-throughput screening, RNAi drugs might be a reality by 2010.
The RNAi therapy that is likely reach humans first is those targeting macular degeneration,
a leading cause of
blindness.
"Though RNAi looks set to dominate drug validation and other genomic research, standardization
is essential for it to leave the realms of the lab and gain acceptance as a mature technology,"
concludes Rao.