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Fludarabine



Fludarabine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-(6-amino-2-fluoro-purin-9-yl)- 3,4-dihydroxy-oxolan-2-yl]methoxyphosphonic acid
Identifiers
CAS number 75607-67-9
ATC code L01BB05
PubChem 30751
DrugBank APRD00594
Chemical data
Formula C10H13FN5O7P 
Mol. mass 365.212 g/mol
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 55%
Protein binding 19 to 29%
Metabolism  ?
Half life 20 hours
Excretion Renal
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.

D

Legal status

Prescription Only (S4)(AU) POM(UK)

Routes Intravenous, oral

Fludarabine (marketed as fludarabine phosphate under the trade name Fludara) is a chemotherapy drug used in the treatment of hematological malignancies.

Contents

Indications

Fludarabine is highly effective in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, producing higher response rates than alkylating agents such as chlorambucil alone.[1] Fludarabine is used in various combinations with cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, dexamethasone and rituximab in the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkins lymphomas. As part of the FLAG regimen, fludarabine is used together with cytarabine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia. Because of its immunosuppressive effects, fludarabine is also used in some conditioning regimens prior to non myeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplant.

Pharmacology

Fludarabine is a purine analog, and can be given both orally and intravenously. Fludarabine inhibits DNA synthesis by interfering with ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerase. It is active against both dividing and resting cells.

Side effects

Fludarabine is associated with profound lymphopenia, and as a consequence, increases the risk of opportunistic infections significantly. Patients who have been treated with fludarabine will usually be asked to take co-trimoxazole or to use monthly nebulised pentamidine to prevent Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. The profound lymphopenia caused by fludarabine renders patients susceptible to transfusion-associated graft versus host disease, a fatal complication of blood transfusion. For this reason, all patients who have ever received fludarabine should only be given irradiated blood components.

Fludarabine causes anemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, requiring regular blood count monitoring. Some patients require blood and platelet transfusion, or G-CSF injections to boost neutrophil counts.

Fludarabine is associated with the development of severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a proportion of patients.[2]

Difficulties are often encountered when harvesting peripheral blood stem cells from patients previously treated with fludarabine.[3]

References

  1. ^ Rai KR et al. Fludarabine compared with chlorambucil as primary therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1750-7. PMID 11114313
  2. ^ Gonzalez H et al. Severe autoimmune hemolytic anemia in eight patients treated with fludarabine. Hematol Cell Ther. 1998;40:113-8. PMID 9698219
  3. ^ Tournilhac O et al. Impact of frontline fludarabine and cyclophosphamide combined treatment on peripheral blood stem cell mobilization in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2004;103:363-5. PMID 12969985
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Fludarabine". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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