However, since the discovery of the first modern non-invasive techniques based on physical methods, electrocardiography and x-rays, at the end of the 19th century, medical technology has advanced more and more towards non-invasive methods for diagnosis and therapy, such as:
Radiation therapy and radiosurgery, procedures that uses external atomic particles (protons, neutrons, photons, alpha particles, etc.) or gamma rays to destroy pathological tissue within the body
Tachibana K. Emerging technologies in therapeutic ultrasound: thermal ablation to gene delivery. Hum Cell. 2004 Mar;17(1):7-15. Review. PMID 15369132
Kim PE, Singh M. Functional magnetic resonance imaging for brain mapping in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2003 Jul 15;15(1):E1. Review. PMID 15355003
Richie RC. Non-invasive assessment of the risk of coronary heart disease. J Insur Med. 2002;34(1):31-42. Review. PMID 15303592
Golder W. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in clinical oncology. Onkologie. 2004 Jun;27(3):304-9. Review. PMID 15249722
Cherry SR. In vivo molecular and genomic imaging: new challenges for imaging physics. Phys Med Biol. 2004 Feb 7;49(3):R13-48. Review. PMID 15012005
Lymberis A, Olsson S. Intelligent biomedical clothing for personal health and disease management: state of the art and future vision. Telemed J E Health. 2003 Winter;9(4):379-86. Review. PMID 14980096
Soling A, Rainov NG. Bioluminescence imaging in vivo - application to cancer research. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003 Oct;3(7):1163-72. Review. Biol Ther. 2003 Dec;3(8):1315. PMID 14519079
Rohrscheib M, Robinson R, Eaton RP. Non-invasive glucose sensors and improved informatics--the future of diabetes management. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2003 Sep;5(5):280-4. Review. PMID 12940864
Jacobs AH, Winkeler A, Dittmar C, Hilker R, Heiss WD. Prospects of molecular imaging in neurology. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 2002;39:98-109. Review. PMID 12552609
Malhi GS, Valenzuela M, Wen W, Sachdev P. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its applications in psychiatry. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;36(1):31-43. Review. PMID 11929436
Jacobs A, Heiss WD. Towards non-invasive imaging of HSV-1 vector-mediated gene expression by positron emission tomography. Vet Microbiol. 2002 Apr 22;86(1-2):27-36. Review. PMID 11888687
Leman JA, Morton CA. Photodynamic therapy: applications in dermatology. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2002 Jan;2(1):45-53. Review. PMID 11772339
Richter JE. Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. Am J Med. 1997 Nov 24;103(5A):130S-134S. Review. PMID 9422638
Yokoyama T, Fujita O, Nishiguchi J, Nozaki K, Nose H, Inoue M, Ozawa H, Kumon H. Extracorporeal magnetic innervation treatment for urinary incontinence. Int J Urol. 2004 Aug;11(8):602-6. PMID 15285749