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Heterochromatin protein 1



chromobox homolog 5
Identifiers
Symbol CBX5
Alt. Symbols HP1-alpha
Entrez 23468
HUGO 1555
OMIM 604478
RefSeq NM_012117
UniProt P45973
Other data
Locus Chr. 12 q13.13
chromobox homolog 1
Identifiers
Symbol CBX1
Alt. Symbols HP1-beta
Entrez 10951
HUGO 1551
OMIM 604511
RefSeq NM_006807
UniProt P83916
Other data
Locus Chr. 17 q21.32
chromobox homolog 3
Identifiers
Symbol CBX3
Alt. Symbols HP1-gamma
Entrez 11335
HUGO 1553
OMIM 604477
RefSeq NM_007276
UniProt Q13185
Other data
Locus Chr. 7 p21-15

The family of Heterochromatin Protein 1 (HP1) ("Chromobox Homolog", CBX) are highly conserved adapter molecules, which have important functions in the cell nucleus. These functions include gene repression by heterochromatin formation, transcriptional activation, regulation of binding of cohesin complexes to centromere, sequesteration of genes to nuclear periphery, transcriptional arrest, maintenance of heterochromatin integrity, gene repression at single nucleosome level and gene repression by heterochromatization of euchromatin. HP1 proteins are fundamental units of heterochromatin packaging that are enriched at the centromeres and telomeres of nearly all Eukaryotic chromosomes with the notable exception of budding yeast, in which a yeast-specific silencing complex of SIR (silent information regulatory) proteins are in action. Members of the HP1 family are characterized by two conserved domains: an N-terminal chromodomain and a C-terminal chromoshadow domain, which are separated by an Hinge Region in between. HP1 is also found at euchromatic sites, where its binding correlates with the repression of an increasing number of genes. HP1 was originally discovered in 1986 as an important factor in the phenomenon known as position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster.[1][2]

Contents

Isoforms

Three different isoforms of HP1 are found in Drosophila melanogaster, HP1a, HP1b and HP1c. Subsequently homologues of HP1 were also discovered in S. pombe (Swi6), Xenopus (Xhp1α and Xhp1γ) and Chicken (CHCB1, CHCB2 and CHCB3). In mammals,[3] there are three isoforms termed HP1α, HP1β and HP1γ each encoded by different genes.

HP1β

HP1β interacts with the Histon-Methyltransferase (HMTase) Suv(3)9h1 and is a component of both pericentric and telomeric heterochromatin.[4][5][6] HP1β is a dosage-dependent modifier of pericentric heterochromatin-induced silencing[7] and silencing is thought to involve a dynamic association of the HP1β chromodomain with the tri-methylated Histone H3 Me(3)K9H3.

HP1 Interacting Proteins

HP1 seems to interact with numerous other proteins/molecules with different cellular functions in different organisms. Some of these HP1 interacting partners are: Histone H1, Histone H3, Methylated K9 Histone H3, Histone H4, Histone methyltransferase, DNA methyltransferase.

See also

References

  1. ^ James, T.C. & S.C Elgin (1986). "Identification of a nonhistone chromosomal protein associated with heterochromatin in Drosophila melanogaster and its gene". Mol. Cell Biol. 6: 3862-3872. PMID 3099166.
  2. ^ Eissenberg, J.C., James, T.C., Foster-Hartnett, D.M., Hartnett, T., Ngan, V.K.W., Craig, C., Elgin, S.C.R. (1990). "Mutation in a heterochromatin-specific chromosomal protein are associated with suppression of position-effect variegation in D. melanogaster". J. Cell Biol. 111 (5/2): 5a. PMID 2124708.
  3. ^ Singh PB, Miller JR, Pearce J, Kothary R, Burton RD, Paro R, James TC, Gaunt SJ. (Feb 1991). "A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants". Nucleic Acids Res. 19 (4): 789-94. PMID 1708124.
  4. ^ Aagaard L, Laible G, Selenko P, Schmid M, Dorn R, Schotta G, Kuhfittig S, Wolf A, Lebersorger A, Singh PB, Reuter G, Jenuwein T. (Apr 1999). "Functional mammalian homologues of the Drosophila PEV-modifier Su(var)3-9 encode centromere-associated proteins which complex with the heterochromatin component M31.". EMBO J. 18 (7): 1923-38. PMID 10202156.
  5. ^ Wreggett KA, Hill F, James PS, Hutchings A, Butcher GW, Singh PB (1994). "A mammalian homologue of Drosophila heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a component of constitutive heterochromatin". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 66 (2): 99-103. PMID 8287692.
  6. ^ Sharma GG, Hwang KK, Pandita RK, Gupta A, Dhar S, Parenteau J, Agarwal M, Worman HJ, Wellinger RJ, Pandita TK. (Nov; 2003). "Human heterochromatin protein 1 isoforms HP1(Hsalpha) and HP1(Hsbeta) interfere with hTERT-telomere interactions and correlate with changes in cell growth and response to ionizing radiation". Mol. Cell Biol. 23 (22): 8363-76. PMID 14585993.
  7. ^ Festenstein R, Sharghi-Namini S, Fox M, Roderick K, Tolaini M, Norton T, Saveliev A, Kioussis D, Singh P (Dec 1999). "Heterochromatin protein 1 modifies mammalian PEV in a dose- and chromosomal-context-dependent manner". Nat. Genet. 23 (4): 457-61. PMID 10581035.

Further reading

  • Singh PB, Georgatos SD (Oct-Dec 2002). "HP1: facts, open questions, and speculation". J. Struct. Biol. 140 (1-3): 10–6. PMID 12490149. Review
v • d • e
Transcription factors and intracellular receptors
(1) Basic domains
(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) Activating transcription factor (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) • AP-1 (c-Fos, FOSB, FOSL1, FOSL2, c-Jun, JUNB, JUND) • BACH (1, 2) • C/EBP (α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ) • CREB (1, 3) • GABPA • MAF (B, F, G, K) • NRL • NRF1 • XBP1
(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) ATOH1 • AhR • AHRR • ARNT • ASCL1 • BMAL (ARNTL, ARNTL2) • CLOCK • HIF (1A, 3A) • Myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myogenin, MYF5, MYF6) • NEUROD1 • Twist • USF1
(1.3) bHLH-ZIP Myc • MITF • SREBP (1, 2)
(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH) AP-2
(2) Zinc finger
DNA-binding domains
(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4) subfamily 1 (Thyroid hormone (α, β), CAR, FXR, LXR (α, β), PPAR (α, β/δ, γ), PXR, RAR (α, β, γ), ROR (α, β, γ), Rev-ErbA (α, β), VDR) • subfamily 2 (COUP-TF (I, II), Ear-2, HNF4 (α, γ), PNR, RXR (α, β, γ), Testicular receptor (2, 4), TLX) • subfamily 3 (Steroid hormone (Estrogen (α, β), Estrogen related (α, β, γ), Androgen, Glucocorticoid, Mineralocorticoid, Progesterone)) • subfamily 4 NUR (NGFIB, NOR1, NURR1) • subfamily 5 (LRH-1, SF1) • subfamily 6 (GCNF) • subfamily 0 (DAX1, SHP)
(2.2) Other Cys4 GATA (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(2.3) Cys2His2 General transcription factors (TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, TFIIH: 1, 2) • GLI-Krüppel family (1, 2, 3, YY1) • KLF (2, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13) • Sp1 • zinc finger (3, 35, 43, 146, 148, 165, 217, 268, 281, 350) • Zbtb7 (7A) • ZBT (16, 17, 33)
(2.4) Cys6 HIVEP1
(3) Helix-turn-helix
domains
(3.1) Homeo domain ARX • Homeobox (A1, A3, A4, A5, A7, A9, A10, A11, A13, B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, B13, C4, C6, C8, C9, C13, D1, D3, D4, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13) • NANOG • NKX (2-1, 2-5, 3-1) • POU domain (PIT-1, BRN-3: 1, 2, Octamer transcription factor: 1, 2, 3/4, 6, 7)
(3.2) Paired box PAX (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
(3.3) Fork head / winged helix E2F (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) • FOX proteins (C1, C2, E1, G1, H1, L2, M1, N3, O3, O4, P1, P2, P3)
(3.4) Heat Shock Factors HSF1
(3.5) Tryptophan clusters ELF (4, 5) • Interferon regulatory factors (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) • MYB
(3.6) TEA domain transcriptional enhancer factor 1, 2
(4) β-Scaffold factors with
minor groove contacts
(4.1) Rel homology region NF-κB (NFKB1, NFKB2, REL, RELA, RELB) • NFAT (5, C1, C2, C3, C4)
(4.2) STAT STAT (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
(4.3) p53 p53
(4.4) MADS box Mef2 (A, B, C, D) • SRF
(4.7) High mobility group HNF (1A, 1B) • LEF1 • SOX (3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 18) • SRY • SSRP1
(4.10) Cold-shock domain CSDA
(4.11) Runt CBF (RUNX1, RUNX2, RUNX3)
(0) Other
transcription factors
(0.2) HMGI(Y) HMGA (1, 2)
(0.3) Pocket domain Rb • RBL1 • RBL2
(0.6) Miscellaneous ARID (1A, 1B, 2, 3A, 3B, 4A) • CAP • Rho/Sigma • R-SMAD
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Heterochromatin_protein_1". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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