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Hypertrophic osteodystrophy



Hypertrophic osteodystrophy (HOD) is a bone disease in young large and giant breed dogs. It may occur between the ages of 2 and 7 months.[1] HOD is characterized by decreased blood flow to the metaphysis (the part of the bone adjacent to the joint) leading to a failure of ossification (bone formation) and necrosis and inflammation of cancellous bone.[2] The disease is usually bilateral in the limb bones, especially the distal radius, ulna, and tibia.[3]

Contents

Speculated causes of HOD

Causes have been speculated to include decreased Vitamin C uptake, increased vitamin (other than C) and mineral uptake, and infection with canine distemper.[1] Decreased Vitamin C uptake has been dismissed as a cause, but excessive calcium supplementation remains a possibility.[4] There is no evidence over-feeding is a significant cause.[5] There may be a link to recent vaccination with a modified live vaccine, but no specific vaccine has been implicated.[6] It has been recommended that Weimaraners receive killed virus vaccines instead of modified live or separate vaccines for canine distemper, parvovirus, and adenovirus to prevent the possibility of vaccine-induced HOD.[7]

Symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment

Symptoms include firm swelling of the metaphysis, pain, lameness, depression, loss of appetite, and fever. It may progress to angular limb deformity. Most dogs recover within several days, but some relapse.[3] X-rays show a dark line at the metaphysis, which can progress to new bone growth on the outside of that area. This represents microfractures in the metaphysis and bone proliferation to bridge the defect in the periosteum.[4] Treatment includes pain medication (usually NSAIDs) and supportive care. Supplementation of Vitamin C is contraindicated due to an increase in calcium levels in the blood, possibly worsening the disease.[8] The disease is usually self-limiting.

Breeds at increased risk for HOD

  • Boxer
  • Chesapeake Bay Retriever
  • German Shepherd Dog
  • Golden Retriever
  • Great Dane
  • Irish Setter
  • Labrador Retriever
  • Weimaraner[9]

References

  1. ^ a b Thrall, Donald E. (1994). Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 2nd ed., W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-3143-6. 
  2. ^ Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy. The Merck Veterinary Manual (2006). Retrieved on 2007-02-06.
  3. ^ a b Miller C (2001). "Hypertrophic osteodystrophy in a Great Dane puppy". Can Vet J 42 (1): 63-6. PMID 11195528.
  4. ^ a b Wehrenberg, Aaron; Elkins, A.D. (Sept. 2006). "Juvenile Orthopedics". Veterinary Forum 23 (9): 22-28. Veterinary Learning Systems.
  5. ^ Ettinger, Stephen J.;Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 4th ed., W.B. Saunders Company. ISBN 0-7216-6795-3. 
  6. ^ Crumlish P, Sweeney T, Jones B, Angles J (2006). "Hypertrophic osteodystrophy in the Weimaraner dog: lack of association between DQA1 alleles of the canine MHC and hypertrophic osteodystrophy". Vet J 171 (2): 308-13. PMID 16490714.
  7. ^ Demko J, McLaughlin R (2005). "Developmental orthopedic disease". Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 35 (5): 1111-35, v. PMID 16129135.
  8. ^ Bennett, David;Clements, Dylan J. (2004). "Letters to the Editor". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 225 (1): 29. Retrieved on 2006-05-11.
  9. ^ LaFond E, Breur G, Austin C (2002). "Breed susceptibility for developmental orthopedic diseases in dogs". J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 38 (5): 467-77. PMID 12220032.
 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hypertrophic_osteodystrophy". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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