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Succinic acid



Succinic acid
IUPAC name Butanedioic acid
Other names ethane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid
Identifiers
CAS number 110-15-6
SMILES OC(CCC(O)=O)=O
Properties
Molecular formula C4H6O4
Molar mass 118.09 g/mol
Density 1.56 g/cm³
Melting point

185–187 °C

Boiling point

235 °C, 508 K, 455 °F

Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Succinic acid (IUPAC systematic name: butanedioic acid; historically known as spirit of amber) is a dicarboxylic acid. Succinate plays a biochemical role in the citric acid cycle.

Contents

Physical properties

At room temperature, pure succinic acid is a solid that forms colorless, odorless crystals. It has a melting point of 185  °C and a boiling point of 235  °C. It is a diprotic acid. The carboxylate anion is called 'succinate and esters of succinic acid are called alkyl succinates.

Biochemical role

Succinate is a component of the citric acid cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain via the following reaction:

succinate + FAD → fumarate + FADH2

This is catalysed by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (or complex II of the mitochondrial ETC). The complex is a 4 subunit membrane-bound lipoprotein which couples the oxidation of succinate to the reduction of ubiquinone. Intermediate electron carriers are FAD and three Fe2S2 clusters part of subunit B.

Mark Donnelly from Argonne National Laboratory developed one of the best strains (AFP 184) to convert raw hydrolysates from biomass to succinate.[1]

History

Spirit of amber was procured from amber by pulverising and distilling it using a sand bath. It was chiefly used externally for rheumatic aches and pains, and internally in inveterate gleets.

Safety

The acid is combustible and corrosive, capable of causing burns. "Harmful by inhalation, ingestion and through skin absorption. Wash after handling. Eye contact may cause serious damage."

In nutraceutical form as a food additive and dietary supplement, is safe and approved by the FDA.

Oxidition reaction

Succinic acid can be converted to fumaric acid by oxidation.

References

  1. ^ US Patent 6,743,610
  • This article incorporates content from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, a publication in the public domain.

See also

  • Oil of amber, procured by heating succinic acid


 
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Succinic_acid". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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