List of invasive species

This is a list of invasive species by country or region. A species is regarded as invasive if it has been introduced by human action to a location, area, or region where it did not previously occur naturally (i.e., is not native), becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the new location without further intervention by humans and becomes a pest in the new location, threatening the local biodiversity.

The term invasive species refers to a subset of those species defined as introduced species, for which see List of introduced species.

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Africa

Southern Africa

Plants

• Australian wattles (Acacia species)
• Bramble (Rubus species)
• Bugweed (Solanum mauritianum)
• Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)
• Eucalyptus or gum trees (Eucalyptus species)
• Hakea (Hakea species)
• Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta)
• Lantana (Lantana camara)
• Mauritius Thorn (Caesalpinia decapetala)
• Mesquite (Prosopis species)
• Mexican Poppy (Argemone mexicana)
• Parrot's Feather (Myriophyllum aquaticum)
• Pereskia (Pereskia aculeata)
• Pine (Pinus species)
• Prickly pear (Opuntia species)
• Queen of the Night Cactus (Cereus jamacaru)
• Syringa (Melia azedarach)
• Triffid weed (Chromolaena odorata)
• Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Asia

Philippines

Main article: Invasive species in the Philippines

Plants

Animals

Chordates

Amphibians

• Bufo marinus, Cane Toad

Birds

• Passer montanus, European Tree Sparrow

Fish

• Clarias batrachus
• Clarias gariepinus
• Cyprinus carpio
• Channa orientalis
• Channa striata
• Gambusia affinis, mosquitofish
• Poecilia latipinna, sailfin molly
• Poecilia reticulata, guppy
• Tilapia, various species (see Tilapia as exotic species)

Mammals

• Bubalus bubalis, Water buffalo
• Canis lupus familiaris, Feral dogs
• Felis silvestris catus, Feral cats
• Rattus norvegicus, Norway rat

Molluscs

Gastropods

• Achatina immaculata

Australasia

Australia

Main article: Invasive species in Australia

Plants

• African mustard (Brassica tournefortii)
• Alligator apple (Annona glabra)
• Alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)
• Asparagus fern (Asparagus densiflorus)
• Bitou Bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera)
• Broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus)
• Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
• Foxtail brome (Bromus rubens)
• Giant cane (Arundo donax)
• Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
• Lantana (Lantana camara)
• Madeira vine (Anredera cordifolia)
• Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.)
• Patterson's Curse (Echium plantagineum)
• Shoebutton Ardisia (Ardisia elliptica)
• Sweet Acacia (Acacia farnesiana)
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• Wild Tobacco (Solanum mauritianum)

Animals

Molluscs

• Asian mussel (Musculista senhousia)

Arthropods

Insects

• Crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes)
• Africanized bee (Apis mellifera scutellata)
• Sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)
• Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum)
• Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata)
• Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)
• Coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros)
• Elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola)
• Cane Beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum)

Chordates

Amphibians

• Cane Toad (Bufo marinus)

Birds

• Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer)
• Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

Mammals

• Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
• Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
• Goat (Capra hircus)
• African Wild Ass (Equus asinus)
• Feral cat (Felis silvestris catus)
• House mouse (Mus musculus)
• Rabbit (Oryctolagus cunicularis)
• Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans)
• Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes)
• Cow (Bos Taurus)
• Domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)
• Burro (Equus asinus)
• Horse (Equus caballus)
• Black rat (Rattus rattus)
• Chicken (Gallus gallus)
• Pig (Sus scrofa domestica)

Echinoderms

• Japanese starfish (Asterias amurensis)

Fungi and pathogens

• Frog chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)

New Zealand

Main article: Invasive species in New Zealand

Plants

• Boneseed
• Broom
• Gorse
• Heather
• Kahili Ginger
• Old man's beard
• Pampas Grass
• Ragwort
• Rhododendron ponticum
• Wandering Jew

Animals

Chordates

Mammals

• Possum
• Rabbit
• Rat
• House mouse
• Stoat
• Ferret
• Hedgehog

Fish

• Grass carp

Europe

Plants

• desert false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa)
• Australian swamp stonecrop - (Crassula helmsii)
• Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)
• Canadian pondweed (Elodea canadensis)
• Caulerpa racemosa - grape caulerpa
• Caulerpa taxifolia; usually referring to the Mediterranean caulerpa clone (1)
• Heracleum mantegazzianum - Giant Hogweed in the UK
• Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)
• Hottentot Fig (Carpobrotus edulis)
• Hydrocotyle ranunculoides - Floating Pennywort in the UK
• Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)
• Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica)
• Parrot feather - Myriophyllum aquaticum.
• Rhododendron ponticum
• Sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus); in Scandinavia ([2])
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

^[1]

Animals

Arthropods

Crustaceans

• Red king crab spreading south from northwest Russia
• American lobster (Homarus americanus) in Scandinavian waters
• Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)
• Signal Crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus)
• virile crayfish (Orconectes virilis)
• Orconectes limosus
• Procambarus clarkii

Insects

• Colorado beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata)
• Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis)

Chordates

Birds

• Canada Goose (Branta canadensis)
• Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus)
• Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides]
• Egyptian Goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus)
• Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis)
• Rose-ringed Parakeet (Psittacula krameri)
• Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus)
• House Crow (Corvus splendens)

Mammals

• American Mink (Mustela vison)
• Raccoon Dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
• Coypu (Myocastor coypus)
• Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)
• Brown Rat (Rattus norvegicus)
• Black Rat (Rattus rattus)
• Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
• Reeves's Muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi)

Reptiles

• Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta (elegans))

Molluscs

• American jack-knife clam (Ensis directus)
• Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha); problem in Swedish lake Mälaren
• Crassostrea gigas
• New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum)
• Stalked Sea Squirt (Styela clava)
• Common slipper shell (Crepidula fornicata)
• Red-rimmed melania (Melanoides tuberculatus)
• Ferrissia wautieri

Platyhelminthes

• New Zealand flatworm (Arthurdendyus triangulatus)
• Australian flatworm (Australoplana sanguinea)

Pathogens

• Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi)

North America

Plants

• Air-potato (Dioscorea bulbifera)
• Amur honeysuckle or Bush honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)
• Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia)
• Autumn olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)
• Blackberry (Rubus armeniacus)
• Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius)
• Brazilian waterweed (Egeria densa)
• Caulerpa (Caulerpa taxifolia); usually referring to the Mediterranean clone
• Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)
• Chinaberry (Melia azedarach)
• Chinese privet (Ligustrum sinense)
• Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum)
• cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)
• Common broom (Cytisus scoparius)
• Common reed (Phragmites australis; also native, but European subspecies invasive1
• Cosmos sulphureus
• Cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium)
• Coral ardisia (Ardisia crenata)
• Curly-leaf pondweed
• Diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)
• Dog-strangling vine (Cynanchum rossicum, also Cynanchum louisae)
• Downy brome, Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum)
• English ivy (Hedera helix)
• Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)
• Flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus)
• Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)
• Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)
• Giant reed (Arundo donax)
• Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta)
• Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)
• Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)
• Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)
• Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum)
• Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata)
• Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)
• Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia)
• Mile-a-minute weed (Polygonum perfoliatum)
• Mimosa (Mimosa pudica)
• Multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora)
• Musk thistle (Carduus nutans)
• Natal grass (Rhynchelytrum repens)
• Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum)
• Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum)
• Pampas Grass (Cortaderia selloana)
• Phragmites (Phragmites australis)
• Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
• Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens)
• Russian Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
• Saltcedar (Tamarix spp.)
• Scotch Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
• Silk-tree (Albizia julibrissin)
• Skunk vine (Paederia foetida)
• Smooth Cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora; invasive mainly on the West Coast)
• Spotted knapweed (Centaurea beibersteinii or Centaurea maculosa)
• Torpedo grass (Panicum repens)
• Tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima)
• tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum)
• Water caltrop (Trapa natans)
• Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
• Wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa)
• Wild taro(Colocasia esculenta)
• Witchweed (Striga asiatica)
• Yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis)

Insects

• Africanized honeybee (Apis mellifera scutellata)
• Argentine ant (Linepithema humile)
• Asian long-horned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis)
• Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus)
• Cactus moth (Cactoblastis cactorum)
• Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis)
• European gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)
• Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermes formosanus)
• Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)
• Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica)
• Red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)
• Varroa mite (Varroa destructor)
• Spiny water flea ("Bythotrophes cederstroemi")

Fish

• Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus)
• Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus)
• Bighead carp
• Eurasian ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus)
• Flathead catfish (Pylodictus olivaris)
• Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes
• Northern Snakehead (Channa argus)
• Round goby (Neogobius melanostomus)
• Silver carp
• Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Reptiles and amphibians

• Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis)
• Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)
• Cane toad (Bufo marinus)

Aquatic invertebrates

• European green crab (Carcinus maenas)
• Veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa)
• Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha)
• Chinese mitten crab (also known as the Shanghai hairy crab)
• New Zealand mud snail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum)

Birds and mammals

• Coypu or Nutria (Myocastor coypus)
• European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
• House Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
• Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)
• Mute Swan
• Rock Pigeon (Columba livia)

Pathogens

• Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica)
• Dutch elm disease (Ophiostoma ulmi)
• Exotic Newcastle disease (Paramyxovirus)
• Fowlpox (Avipoxvirus)
• Plum pox (Potyviruses: Potyviridae)
• Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora meibomiae)
• Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum)
• West Nile virus (Flavivirus)
• Whirling Disease (Myxobolus cerebralis)

Others

• earthworms, several species (lumbricid)
• Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea)

Hawaii

Insects

• Quadratichus erythrinae, a parasitic wasp on the wiliwili
• Pristomerus hawaiiensis, Calliephialtes grapholithae (Ichneumonidae) and Euderus metallicus (Eulophidae), Diadegma blackburni, another ichneumonid - previously introduced as biocontrol agents

(http://www.hawaii.edu/scb/docs/library/1998_abstracts.htm)

References