List of symbiotic relationships

This is an incomplete list of notable mutualistic symbiotic relationships, in which different species have a cooperative or mutually dependent relationship.

• Humans and cultivated plants
• Humans and domesticated animals
• Humans and intestinal bacteria
• Humans and the Greater Honeyguide bird (which may have a similar relationship with the Ratel or "honey badger")

• Vascular plants and fungi in mycorrhizae
• Flowering plants and pollinators such as bees
• Leafcutter ants and the fungus they "farm" (note also the third mutualist: a bacterium that secretes a chemical that kills molds that would otherwise feed on the fungus "farmed" by the ants)
• Leafhopper and meat ant
• Acacia Ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) with the Swollen Thorn Acacia Tree (Acacia cornigera)
• Legumes and rhizobia (nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
• Euprymna squid (family Sepiolidae) and bioluminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri)
• Anglerfish and bioluminescent bacteria
• Moray eels and cleaner shrimp or cleaner fish at cleaning stations
• Goby fish and shrimp
• Groupers or snappers and gobies
• Corals and Zooxanthella
• Sea anemones and clownfish, crabs or shrimps
• Deep-sea pompeii worms and thermophilic bacteria
• Ruminants such as cows and their intestinal bacteria and protists
• Termites and their intestinal bacteria and protists
• Egyptian Plovers and crocodiles (not scientifically documented)
• Oxpeckers and rhinoceroses
• Polydnavirus and parasitoid wasps
• Cycads and cyanobacteria
• Foraminifera and algae
• Wolbachia bacteria and most insects
• Grasses and endophytic fungi
• Sponges and algae
• Aphids and Buchnera bacteria^[1]
• Azolla (water fern) and Anabaena (cyanobacteria)
• Ambrosia Beetles and fungi
• Sharks and remora
• fig trees and Amazon fruit bats
• Honeyguide and honeybadger

Product highlight

Revolutionize your production: real-time Raman analysis for maximum efficiency

Efficient inline analysis for liquids and solids

User-friendly software for effortless Design of Experiments (DoE)

Note

Some of these relationships are so close that we speak of the composite of two species as one unit, for example, we speak of the composite of algae and fungi as lichens. This is analogous to our speaking of a modulator and a demodulator as a modem.

References