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The FDA issued "Guidance for Pharmaceutical Industry" recommends using Merck's SeQuantTM ZIC®-HILIC HPLC for determination of melamine contamination in pharmaceutical raw materials more
Bochum’s neurobiologists have found that certain receptors for the neurotransmitter glutamate determine the architecture of nerve cells in the developing brain. Individual receptor variants lead to especially long and branched processes called dendrites, which the cells communicate with. The researc more
Mitochondria, those battery-pack organelles that fuel the energy of almost every living cell, have an insatiable appetite for calcium. Whether in a dish or a living organism, the mitochondria of most organisms eagerly absorb this chemical compound. Because calcium levels link to many essential biolo more
Learning and memory formation are based on the creation of new connections between neurons in the brain. Also, behaviors such as nicotine addiction manifest themselves in long-term changes of neuronal connectivity and can - at least in this respect - be viewed as a form of learning. A team around Pi more
Transfection is the delivery of DNA, RNA, proteins, and macromelecules into eukaryotic cells. The goals for transfection include the study of gene function and regulation as well as protein expression and function. It is also used for gene silencing and protein production. According to the application, the information can be either transiently (transient transfection) or permanently expressed (stable transfection). Based on the strategies, the transfection methods can be divided into three groups: more
For the in vitro testing of pharmaceutical, cosmetic and chemical products conventional cell cultures are increasingly being replaced by three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models with organ-specific characteristics. Using tissue engineering techniques, a living human skin equivalent has been developed at the Fraunhofer IGB which mimics the normal human skin. The fabrication of the 3D skin model requires the isolation and growth of primary keratinocytes and fibroblasts from human skin tissue. For the isolation of the cells it is necessary to dissociate the skin tissue in the dermal and epidermal layer without destroying the cells. Usually, cell isolation is performed in a two-step protocol. Following dissociation of both layers with dispase, collagenases are used to release the fibroblasts from the dermis. The goal of all cell isolation procedures is to maximize the yield of dissociated cells that are viable and functionally active. more
The function of nerve and muscle cells relies on ionic currents flowing through ion channels. These ion channels play a major role in cell physiology. One way to investigate ion channels is to use patch clamping. This method allows investigation of ion channels in detail and recording of the electric activity of different types of cells, mainly excitable cells like neurons, muscle fibres or beta cells of the pancreas. The patch clamping technique was developed by Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann in the 1970s and 80s to study individual ion channels in living cells. In 1991 they received the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine for their work. Today the patch clamping technique is one of the most important methods in the field of electrophysiology more
Abstract Pannexins (Panx1, 2, and 3) comprise a group of proteins expressed in vertebrates that share weak yet significant sequence homology with the invertebrate gap junction proteins, the innexins. In contrast to the other vertebrate gap junction protein family (connexin), pannexins do not form more
Abstract Agonists of μ‐opioid receptors are currently used in the management of cancer pain. However, several data suggest that the analgesic effect of morphine can diminish during the development of experimental tumors. By using a thermal test, we have studied whether the analgesic effect evoked more
Summary Recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) is frequently observed in race horses like trotters. Some predisposing genetic factors have been described in epidemiological studies. However, the exact aetiology is still unknown. A calcium homeostasis disruption was suspected in previous experi more
Renata Limited (Renata) is a public traded company specialized in the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical and nutritional products for both human and animal use. The company offers its products for human therapeutic conditions such as infectious diseases, cardiovascular and CNS disorders, di more
Ceylon Hospitals PLC (Ceylon Hospitals), a subsidiary of Durdans Management Services Ltd. is a healthcare institution, engaged in providing clinical and nursing services. It principally offers various services, including, cardiac care, paediatrics, ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynecology, and diagn more
Cancer Therapeutics, Inc. (CTI) is a publicly held biotechnology company that is engaged in developing innovative cancer therapies, treatments and pharmaceuticals using nanotechnology. The company seeks cancer research and technology opportunities to invest in, develop, and commercialize. It focuses more
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