TLR 3
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Toll-like receptor 3
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| The structure of TLR3 covered with sugars |
| Available structures: 1ziw, 2a0z |
| Identifiers |
| Symbol(s) |
TLR3; CD283 |
| External IDs |
OMIM: 603029 MGI: 2156367 Homologene: 20696 |
| Gene Ontology |
| Molecular Function: |
• double-stranded RNA binding
• transmembrane receptor activity
• protein binding
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| Cellular Component: |
• integral to plasma membrane
• membrane
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| Biological Process: |
• inflammatory response
• hyperosmotic response
• signal transduction
• activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase
• detection of virus
• defense response to bacterium
• positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB cascade
• positive regulation of interferon-gamma biosynthetic process
• innate immune response
• positive regulation of interferon-alpha biosynthetic process
• positive regulation of interferon-beta biosynthetic process
• negative regulation of osteoclast differentiation
• positive regulation of JNK cascade
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| RNA expression pattern |
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More reference expression data
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| Orthologs |
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Human |
Mouse |
| Entrez |
7098 |
142980 |
| Ensembl |
ENSG00000164342 |
ENSMUSG00000031639 |
| Uniprot |
O15455 |
Q3TM31 |
| Refseq |
NM_003265 (mRNA)
NP_003256 (protein) |
NM_126166 (mRNA)
NP_569054 (protein) |
| Location |
Chr 4: 187.23 - 187.24 Mb |
Chr 8: 46.89 - 46.91 Mb |
| Pubmed search |
[1] |
[2] |
TLR 3 is a member of the Toll-like receptor family of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system. Discovered in 2001,[1] TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, a form of genetic information carried by some viruses such as influenza. Upon recognition, TLR 3 induces the activation of NF-kB to increase production of type I interferons which signal other cells to increase their antiviral defenses. Double-stranded RNA is also recognised by the cytoplasmic receptors RIG-I and MDA-5.
Structure
The structure of TLR3 was reported in June 2005 by researchers at The Scripps Research Institute.[2] TLR3 forms a large horseshoe shape that contacts with a neighboring horseshoe, forming a "dimer" of two horseshoes. Much of the TLR3 protein surface is covered with sugar molecules, making it a glycoprotein, but on one face (including the interface between the two horseshoes), there is a large sugar-free surface. This surface also contains two distinct patches rich in positively-charged amino acids, which may be a binding site for negatively-charged double-stranded RNA.
Despite being a glycoprotein, TLR3 crystallises readily - a prerequisite for structural analysis by x-ray crystallography.
References
- ^ Alexopoulou L, Holt A, Medzhitov R, Flavell R (2001). "Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3.". Nature 413 (6857): 732-8. PMID 11607032.
- ^ Choe J, Kelker M, Wilson I (2005). "Crystal structure of human toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain.". Science 309 (5734): 581-5. PMID 15961631.
Further reading
- Lien E, Ingalls RR (2002). "Toll-like receptors.". Crit. Care Med. 30 (1 Suppl): S1-11. PMID 11782555.
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Transmembrane receptors: immune receptors |
| Cytokine receptor |
Type I: interleukin (IL-2, IL-3) - CSF (Erythropoietin, GM-CSF, G-CSF) - Glycoprotein 130/Oncostatin M - Leukemia inhibitory factor - common subunits (Common gamma chain, CSF2RB)
Type II: interleukin (IL22RA2) - interferon (IFNAR, IFNGR)
Other: Chemokine - TGF-beta - Tumor necrosis factor |
| Pattern recognition/Toll-like |
TLR 1 - TLR 2 - TLR 3 - TLR 4 - TLR 5 - TLR 6 - TLR 7 - TLR 8 - TLR 9 - TLR 10 |
| Fc receptor |
ε (FcεRI, FcεRII) - γ (FcγRI, FcγRII, FcγRIII) - α/μ (FcαRI, Fcα/μR) - Neonatal |
| Lymphocyte homing receptor |
CD44 - L-selectin - VLA-4 - LFA-1 |
| other |
Antigen receptor (B-cell, T cell) - Complement - Formyl peptide - Immunophilins - Integrin - Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like - Scavenger |
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