Synaptic vesicle
In a neuron, synaptic vesicles, also called neurotransmitter vesicles, store the various neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis at the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft of a synapse. The vesicles are essential for the propagation of nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell.
Formation
Synaptic vesicles are made of a lipid bilayer in which transport proteins specific to each type of neurotransmitter are inserted. Neurotransmitters are moved from the cell's cytoplasm into the vesicles by vesicular transporters that rely on active transport mechanisms involving an exchange of protons (H+ ions). The necessary proton gradient is created by hydrogen ATPase, which breaks down ATP for energy. Vesicular glutamate transporters, for example, sequester glutamate into vesicles by this process.
The stoichiometry for the movement of different neurotransmitters into a vesicle is given in the following table.
membranes are tethered to SNAP via atpase.
Effects of neurotoxins
Some neurotoxins, such as batrachotoxin, are known to destroy synaptic vesicles. The tetanus toxin damages vesicle-associated membrane proteins (VAMP), a type of v-SNARE, while botulinum toxins damage t-SNARES and v-SNARES and thus inhibit synaptic transmission.[1] A spider toxin called α-Latrotoxin binds to neurexins, damaging vesicles and causing massive release of neurotransmitters.
References
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Histology: nervous tissue |
| Neurons (gray matter) |
soma, axon (axon hillock, axoplasm, axolemma, neurofibril/neurofilament), dendrite (Nissl body, dendritic spine, apical dendrite, basal dendrite)
types (bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar, pyramidal, Purkinje, granule) |
| Afferent nerve/Sensory nerve/Sensory neuron |
GSA, GVA, SSA, SVA, fibers (Ia, Ib or Golgi, II or Aβ, III or Aδ or fast pain, IV or C or slow pain) |
| Efferent nerve/Motor nerve/Motor neuron |
GSE, GVE, SVE, Upper motor neuron, Lower motor neuron (α motorneuron, γ motorneuron) |
| Synapses |
neuropil, synaptic vesicle, neuromuscular junction, electrical synapse - Interneuron (Renshaw) |
| Sensory receptors |
Free nerve ending, Meissner's corpuscle, Merkel nerve ending, Muscle spindle, Pacinian corpuscle, Ruffini ending, Olfactory receptor neuron, Photoreceptor cell, Hair cell, Taste bud |
| Glial cells |
astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, microglia, radial glia |
| Myelination (white matter) |
Schwann cell, oligodendrocyte, nodes of Ranvier, internode, Schmidt-Lanterman incisures, neurolemma |
| Related connective tissues |
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, nerve fascicle, meninges |
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