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Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure. For example, an enzyme that catalyzed this reaction would be a lyase:
- ATP → cAMP + PPi
Lyases differ from other enzymes in that they only require one substrate for the reaction in one direction, but two substrates for the reverse reaction.
Nomenclature
Systematic names are formed as "substrate group lyase." Common names include decarboxylase, dehydratase, aldolase, etc. When the reverse reaction is more important, synthase may be used in the name.
Classification
Lysases are classified as EC 4 in the EC number classification of enzymes. Lyases can be further classified into seven subclasses:
- EC 4.1 includes lyases that cleave carbon-carbon bonds, such as decarboxylases (EC 4.1.1), aldehyde lyases (EC 4.1.2), oxo acid lyases(EC 4.1.3) and others (EC 4.1.99)
- EC 4.2 includes lyases that cleave carbon-oxygen bonds, such as dehydratases
- EC 4.3 includes lyases that cleave carbon-nitrogen bonds
- EC 4.4 includes lyases that cleave carbon-sulfur bonds
- EC 4.5 includes lyases that cleave carbon-halide bonds
- EC 4.6 includes lyases that cleave phosphorus-oxygen bonds, such as adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase
- EC 4.99 includes other lyases, such as ferrochelatase
See also
References
- EC 4 Introduction from the Department of Chemistry at Queen Mary, University of London
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Carbon-carbon lyases (EC 4.1) |
| 4.1.1: Carboxy-lyases |
Pyruvate decarboxylase -Oxaloacetate decarboxylase - Acetoacetate decarboxylase - Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase - Glutamate decarboxylase - Ornithine decarboxylase - Lysine decarboxylase - Phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase - Histidine decarboxylase - Uridine monophosphate synthetase/Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase - Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase - Pyrophosphomevalonate decarboxylase - Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase - RuBisCO - Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase - Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase |
| 4.1.2: Aldehyde-lyases |
Aldolase A/Aldolase B - 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase |
| 4.1.3: Oxo-acid-lyases |
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase |
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Carbon-oxygen lyases (EC 4.2) (primarily dehydratases) |
| Carbonic anhydrase - Fumarase - Aconitase - Enolase (Alpha) - Enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-Hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase - Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase - Tryptophan synthase - Cystathionine beta synthase - Porphobilinogen synthase - 3-isopropylmalate dehydratase - Urocanate hydratase - Uroporphyrinogen III synthase - Nitrile hydratase |
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Carbon-nitrogen lyases (EC 4.3) |
| 4.3.1 - ammonia-lyases |
Histidine ammonia-lyase - Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase - Serine dehydratase |
| 4.3.2 - amidine-lyases |
Argininosuccinate lyase - Adenylosuccinate lyase |
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Carbon-sulfur lyases (EC 4.4) |
| Cystathionine gamma-lyase - Cystathionine-beta-lyase - Leukotriene C4 synthase |
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Carbon-halide lyases (EC 4.5) |
| Dichloromethane dehalogenase - Halohydrin dehalogenase |
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Lyase". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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