Hyperopia
Hypermetropia
Classification & external resources
| ICD-10
| H52.0
|
| ICD-9
| 367.0
|
Hyperopia, also known as hypermetropia or colloquially as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or when the lens cannot become round enough), causing inability to focus on near objects, and in extreme cases causing a sufferer to be unable to focus on objects at any distance. As an object moves toward the eye, the eye must increase its power to keep the image in focus on the retina. If the power of the cornea and lens is insufficient, as in hyperopia, the image will appear blurred.
People with hyperopia can experience blurred vision, asthenopia, accommodative dysfunction, binocular dysfunction, amblyopia, and strabismus.[1]
Hyperopia is often confused with presbyopia [2][3], another condition that frequently causes blurry near vision. [4] Presbyopes who report good far vision typically experience blurry near vision because of a reduced accommodative amplitude brought about by natural aging changes with the crystalline lens.[4] It is also sometimes referred to as farsightedness, since in otherwise normally-sighted persons it makes it more difficult to focus on near objects than on far objects.[5]
Classification of hyperopia
Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye's accommodative status.[1]
Classification by clinical appearance
- Simple hyperopia
- Pathological hyperopia
- Functional hyperopia
It also occurs when light entering the eye focuses behind the retina.
Diagnosis
Visual acuity is affected according to the amount of hyperopia, as well as the patient's age, visual demands, and accommodative ability.[1]
Treatment
Various eye care professionals, including ophthalmologists, optometrists, orthoptists, and opticians, are involved in the treatment and management of hyperopia. At the conclusion of an eye examination, an eye doctor may provide the patient with an eyeglass prescription for corrective lenses.
Minor amounts of hyperopia are sometimes left uncorrected, however, larger amounts may be corrected with convex lenses in eyeglasses or contact lenses. Convex lenses have a positive dioptric value, which causes the light to focus closer than its normal range.
Hyperopia is sometimes correctable with various refractive surgery procedures.
See also
Myopia (shortsightedness)
Notes
- ^ a b c American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with hyperopia. 1997.
- ^ "Eye Health: Presbyopia and Your Eyes." WebMD.com. October, 2005. Accessed September 21, 2006.
- ^ Chou B. "Refractive Error and Presbyopia." Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.
- ^ a b American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline: Care of the patient with presbyopia. 1998.
- ^ Kazuo Tsubota, Brian S. Boxer Wacher, Dimitri T. Azar, and Douglas D. Koch, editors, , Hyperopia and Presbyopia, New York: Marcel Decker, 2003
| Pathology of the eye (primarily H00-H59, 360-379) |
|---|
| Eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit | eyelid: inflammation (Stye, Chalazion, Blepharitis) - Entropion - Ectropion - Lagophthalmos - Blepharochalasis - Ptosis - Blepharophimosis - Xanthelasma - Trichiasis
lacrimal system: Dacryoadenitis - Epiphora - Dacryocystitis
orbit: Exophthalmos - Enophthalmos |
|---|
| Conjunctiva | Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Pinguecula - Subconjunctival hemorrhage |
|---|
| Sclera and cornea | Scleritis - Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Snow blindness - Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy - Fuchs' dystrophy - Keratoconus - Keratoconjunctivitis sicca - Arc eye - Keratoconjunctivitis - Corneal neovascularization - Kayser-Fleischer ring - Arcus senilis - Band keratopathy |
|---|
| Iris and ciliary body | Iritis - Uveitis - Iridocyclitis - Hyphema - Persistent pupillary membrane - Iridodialysis - Synechia |
|---|
| Lens | Cataract - Aphakia - Ectopia lentis |
|---|
| Choroid and retina | Retinitis - Chorioretinitis - Choroideremia - Retinal detachment - Retinoschisis - Retinopathy (Hypertensive retinopathy, Diabetic retinopathy, Retinopathy of prematurity) - Macular degeneration - Retinitis pigmentosa - Retinal haemorrhage - Central serous retinopathy - Macular edema - Epiretinal membrane - Macular pucker |
|---|
| Optic nerve and visual pathways | Optic neuritis - Papilledema - Optic atrophy - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy |
|---|
Ocular muscles,
binocular movement,
accommodation and refraction | Paralytic strabismus: Ophthalmoparesis - Progressive external ophthalmoplegia - Palsy (III, IV, VI) - Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Other strabismus: Esotropia/Exotropia - Hypertropia - Heterophoria (Esophoria, Exophoria) - Brown's syndrome - Duane syndrome
Other binocular: Conjugate gaze palsy - Convergence insufficiency - Internuclear ophthalmoplegia - One and a half syndrome
Refractive error: Hyperopia/Myopia - Astigmatism - Anisometropia/Aniseikonia - Presbyopia |
|---|
| Visual disturbances and blindness | Amblyopia - Leber's congenital amaurosis - Subjective (Asthenopia, Hemeralopia, Photophobia, Scintillating scotoma) - Diplopia - Scotoma - Anopsia (Binasal hemianopsia, Bitemporal hemianopsia, Homonymous hemianopsia, Quadrantanopia) - Color blindness (Achromatopsia) - Nyctalopia - Blindness/Low vision |
|---|
| Pupil | Anisocoria - Argyll Robertson pupil - Marcus Gunn pupil/Marcus Gunn phenomenon - Adie syndrome |
|---|
| Infectious diseases | Trachoma - Onchocerciasis |
|---|
| Other | Nystagmus - Miosis - Mydriasis - Glaucoma - Ocular hypertension - Floater - Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy - Red eye - Keratomycosis - Xerophthalmia - Aniridia |
|---|
| See also congenital |
|
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